Principles of Brand Extension and its Rationales Essay

Standards of Brand Extension and its Rationales - Essay Example A brand’s name has been recognized as a polo shirt along with the methods of how to make its expansion and the reasons why making such. In the financial business, various methodologies are to be thought of so makers will get the consideration of the shoppers. With each item that makers will give, a brand name must be included. A gathering of thoughts on the specific item is the thing that a brand is (Ferree, 2007). Expansion to that, as per Webben (as refered to in Keller, 2003), brand is characterized as items which has an objective to fulfill the consumer’s needs by standing out enough to be noticed on to it giving them directions and the product’s use. In the wake of prevailing in the commonality of the item to the various individuals, a decent system ought to be followed and there comes the brand augmentation. Brand expansion as what Sattler, Volckner, Riediger, and Ringle (2009) characterized is a procedure wherein the name of a specific item is being utiliz ed for people’s commonality to present another item. This system can assist the item with increasing its interest in the market. Polo Shirt as the Product Considering Polo shirt as the parent of the brand expansion, it has a few potential results, for example, body towel, clothing and socks. To think of an effective brand expansion, standards are to be thought of. ... Obviously, if the maker has just earned his consumer’s trust, it is better on the off chance that they could give what the shopper need with the goal that they won't be overwhelmed. The parent should in any case have the ability to control the all-inclusive brand for they despite everything have a similar name hence, has an impact with each other’s validity through their consumer’s sentiment. Additionally, disarray with the all-encompassing brand with the parent is a major no. Despite the fact that they are of a similar brand, the items are simply co-related with one another thus, ought not be a reason for the consumer’s disappointment and lament when utilized an inappropriate item. In the event that the parent is a greater amount of fabric classification simply like the polo shirt, makers ought not make irrelevant classifications, for example, cleanser or food items. Brand expansion analysts (n.d) likewise included that brands ought not be stretched out o n various classes for it will influence the product’s name along the opposition. Additionally, the all-inclusive brand should add to the parent’s validity through acknowledgment with new, productive and effective classification for the firm on what's to come. There ought to be business credited after having brand augmentation. It is acceptable to think about the conceivable result of the brand augmentation after having the creating plan. To draw in into a brand expansion is a smart thought to expand your contributions to the market. As a matter of fact, Gelder (as refered to in Kapferer, 1997) expressed pragmatic reasons why having brand augmentation, for example, the customers will encounter new items and simultaneously, the organization will be refreshed along these lines, will effectively take an interest on having new advancements as a feature of its turn of events; Through brand expansion, the purchaser who used to have a believed brand will pick it rather attempt ing another in this way, making the item reach

General Description of the Community Essay

Target territory being surveyed by the creator is hospice administration in Sioux Falls and encompassing zones gave by Avera Mckennan. Hospice care is end-of-life care gave by wellbeing experts and volunteers Hospice care offers clinical types of assistance, passionate help, and profound assets for individuals who are in the last phases of terminal ailment. Albeit most hospice patients are malignant growth patients, hospice acknowledges anybody paying little mind to age and kind of malady. The objective of hospice treatment is to keep quiet agreeable and improve personal satisfaction. Hospice care attempts to oversee manifestations so that patient’s a days ago might be gone through with pride, encompassed by his/her friends and family. Hospice care is family-focused: the patient and family are both remembered for the consideration plan and enthusiastic, otherworldly and down to earth support is given relying upon the patients wishes and families needs. Hospice isn't so much a spot, as it is a way of thinking of care with a family-focused methodology that believes the patient and family to be the unit of care (Lattanzi-Licht et al. , 1998). Avera Mckennan Hospice Services are the primary focal point of creator. Avera McKennan’s Home Hospice and Palliative Care program office is situated in the Dougherty Hospice House. Through this program, they give hospice benefits in an assortment conditions: hospice care in the home setting, hospice care in a helped living office, hospice care in a talented nursing office and furthermore, in Dougherty Hospice House. The Dougherty Hospice House is a remarkable sixteen bed hospice office situated on the Prince of Peace grounds. This spot furnishes a home like setting with presumptive spaces for patient and resting lodging for relatives. It additionally has a reflection room, remote web, wonderful thoughtful nursery, enormous feasting and family space for families to accumulate, and library. Dougherty Hospice House and its encompassing property are sans tobacco conditions. About 80% of all hospice care is given in private homes, nursing homes, free and helped living offices (Caffrey, C. et al. , 2011). In the event that hospice care gave in patient’s home, a relative will take care of their cherished one a significant part of the time. Somebody structure hospice group will for the most part visit persistent a few times per week evaluating a patient and tending to current medical problems. Avera McKennan Hospice group comprise of 25 individuals including attendants, social specialists, otherworldly consultants/ministers, nursing associates, prepared volunteers, drug specialist and clinical chief. In the event of crisis home hospice patient can call the 24-hour hospice number for exhortation. A medical attendant normally can come to patient’s house whenever of the day or night or give an exhort via telephone. In light of the patient’s conditions and phase of care, a hospice interdisciplinary group (IDT) may give assortment of administrations. Enrolled medical caretakers help quiet with the executives of uneasiness, torment and symptoms of past treatment ( sickness from chemotherapy). Additionally nurture help instruct both patient and family about what's going on. The medical caretaker is a connection associating patient, family and doctor. Home wellbeing helps offer additional help for individual consideration, for example, washing, shaving, dressing and eating. Prepared hospice volunteers offer help with ordinary errands, for example, shopping, looking after children, carpooling. They are being accessible to tune in to the patients and families and offer sympathetic help. Essential specialist favors plan of care for hospice patient and works with hospice group. A hospice clinical executive who has mastery in side effect the board and end-of-life care is accessible to the going to doctor, patient and family, and hospice group as an incredible asset and advisor. Clergymen, ministers, or other profound advocates help patient and family investigate the significance of the passing, and perform strict function explicit to the patient. Reprieve care can be given by inpatient hospice to offer family a reprieve from worry of care surrendering in to 5-day time spans. This administration perceives the requirement for parental figures to have time away from caretaking jobs (Ingleton, Payne, Nolan, and Carey, 2003;Lattanzi-Licht e. l. , 1998). Terms, for example, parental figure trouble (Chwalisz and Kisler, 1995), overseer job weakness, spousal burnout, and job engulfment allude to an irregularity between the physical and mental assets expected to give care and those accessible inside the nuclear family (Reese and Sontag, 2001). Routinely planned family meetings regularly drove by the hospice attendant or social specialist permit patient and relatives share sentiments, talk about what's in store, what is required, and find out about procedure of biting the dust. The interdisciplinary group arranges Avera McKennan Hospice benefits and oversees al care 7 days per week, 24 hours per day. The group is ensuring that present data is shared among all the administrations engaged with patients care. Official Community Government (type of government). For-benefit and philanthropic hospices have similar guidelines. They should conform to State low and Code of Federal Regulations overseeing hospice care. Revenue driven hospices develop in excess of multiple times quicker than charitable hospices. Benefit in some cases dangers trading off the nature of care patients get. Charitable hospices give hospice administrations to anybody including people who don't have medical coverage inclusion and can't stand to pay for care. For this situation, not-for-profit hospice can offer types of assistance to individual for nothing out of pocket as a component of its beneficent crucial philanthropic status of the hospice expects it to offer magnanimous administrations and they are committed to the strategic caring those out of luck. Principle reason for revenue driven hospices is to bring in cash and deliver profits to their investors. They have no commitment to offer types of assistance to any individual who doesn't have Medicare, Medicaid or private protection inclusion. In any case, both kind of hospices are attempting to bring in cash, yet when they vie for patients, they should give better mind. Avera’s Home hospice administrations are secured 100% under Medicare and some Medicaid plans, yet inpatient care at the Dougherty Hospice House include some budgetary cost. Social laborers offer patients and their families help with installment choices and never dismiss a patient for failure to pay for the administration. Medicare is the essential payer for hospice administrations covering 77% of all hospice costs. The rest is paid for by Medicaid (4%), private protection (12%) or different sources (7%). Contrast with emergency clinic and gifted nursing offices, hospice is viewed as a savvy administration. Hospice charges every day are a lot of lower than emergency clinics and talented nursing offices. Hospice care is shrouded in full by most protection. Medicare and Medicaid give a unique Hospice Benefit. This advantage gives 100% inclusion to visit by staff, prescriptions identified with the hospice disease, strong clinical gear in the home, and supplies for healthy skin, incontinence the board, dressings, and so forth. Hospice care secured under Medicare incorporates both inpatient care when required, and home consideration administrations. The focal point of hospice is on care, underlining help the individual to benefit as much as possible from every day by giving solace and relief from discomfort. Most private insurance agencies incorporate hospice care as an advantage. Patient and family can employ hospice suppliers and pay for their administrations using cash on hand. On the off chance that patient has a restricted monetary assets, non-benefit hospices offer types of assistance without charge as a major aspect of beneficent strategic. Any patient who enters hospice must be assessed at the hour of admission to the hospice program. Hospice dietitians help the patient in arriving at the best healthful objectives, contingent upon the present condition of the patient’s condition. Regular issues for hospice patients are sickness and heaving. These can be controlled with enemies of emetics at times, while for some patient s change of diet is adequate. Instructing patient and family about the progressions happening in the patient’s body is basic. Over the span of sickness, persistent experience changes to some stretch out in their food admission. It is basic for the medical clinic patient to decrease oral admission of food and liquids as the infection advances. When all is said in done, there is digestion modifications happen in patient’s body with a terminal ailment. Besides, there comes when the body starts to separate cells as opposed to building them up. Now, the body is no longer takes supplements in. Here and there patients are compelled to take food by relatives; for this situation the body may deny through retching or loose bowels. A hospice dietitian will clarify when this point is reached. Be that as it may, tending to stop oral admission before this point is reached isn't fitting. Continuous evaluation of hospice understanding dietary needs will assist with deciding whether there is any craving change or capacity to take the food in and keep it. In view of an investigation of the non-hospice end-of-life experience of 3,357 truly sick patients who passed on announced 40% were in serious agony preceding their demise, and 25% experienced moderate to extraordinary tension of despondency before they kicked the bucket (Lynn, 1997). Notwithstanding, hospice is a humane method to convey social insurance and steady administrations. In spite of the low South Dakota’s demise rate analyze the national passing rate, the two driving reasons for death are coronary illness and malignant growth, represented portion of South Dakota passings. Solid way of life changes are basic in decreasing passings because of malignant growth and coronary illness. These changes can be practiced by decreasing tobacco use, expanding physical action, and creating good dieting propensities. Minorities in South Dakota incorporate African American, Asian, and Hispanic populaces. When all is said in done, language boundaries, transportation, funds, and absence of protection were seen as the issues experienced by minorities in looking for satisfactory medicinal services. Moreover, end of life care isn't arrive at minority populati

What Are Narcissism Essay Topics?

<h1>What Are Narcissism Essay Topics?</h1><p>As an expert author and article essayist I get asked constantly, what are narcissism exposition points. I have discovered that there are two primary kinds of narcissism article subjects that a great many people appear to want.</p><p></p><p>The first is the physical narcissism. These kinds of expositions manage composing on my skin or attire. A few instances of this sort of article are 'To Hell With Fashion,' and 'I'm Never Going to Change.'</p><p></p><p>The second kind of exposition is progressively mental narcissism. This sort of exposition manages how my character influences me. Instances of this sort of exposition 'Does He Love Me?,' 'Making Him Mine,' and 'Covering up in Plain Sight.' The issue with this kind of article is that the topic may not be fitting for all audiences.</p><p></p><p>It likewise relies upon the paper. On the off chance that th e article is for a class, at that point the topic must be suitable for the class. In the event that it is for a diary or article, at that point the topic can be more acceptable.</p><p></p><p>Answering the topic of what are narcissism exposition themes, is by all accounts simpler than the response to the inquiry, how would I compose the paper. The primary thing that you have to know is that the main way you can compose the exposition viably is to speak the truth about what your identity is and your character. You will improve as an exposition author on the off chance that you speak the truth about your character and composing style.</p><p></p><p>Another thing to recollect is that you should compose from the perspective of a contemplative person or a social butterfly individual. By concentrating on how your character influences others and yourself you will have the option to expound on the article in a progressively powerful manner.</ p><p></p><p>Once youhave picked the correct exposition theme, you will likewise need to make a blueprint. By laying out your article you will have the option to dispose of a great deal of the conceivable hindrances and assist yourself with getting to the central matter of the paper. Without a diagram, you will be simply speculating on where to go straightaway and how to interface your paper with the remainder of your writing.</p><p></p><p>Remember that there are numerous things to consider with regards to expounding on narcissism article themes. On the off chance that you follow these tips and find support from experts, you will find that composing is simpler and the work you put into your paper will pay off with a decent grade.</p>

Bad Essay Will Ruin Your Results on the Test

<h1>Bad Essay Will Ruin Your Results on the Test</h1><p>An significant piece of the audit of your test is to have a pee paper composing done on you. You will submit yourself to a choice procedure by the class when you are being decided on how well you do on the real exam.</p><p></p><p>Even on the off chance that you have just breezed through the test, the teacher will even now watch out for your advancement. Truth be told, they will undoubtedly begin watching out for you from the second you have been acknowledged to take the assessment in any case. By then, the teacher would need to see that you don't damage any of the guidelines set out by the administration in regards to the tests that you will be taking for your certification.</p><p></p><p>That is the reason it is significant that you figure out how to compose well with the goal that you won't be a trouble for the educators in the appraisal of your exhibition on the tests that you will be taking for your affirmation. Numerous individuals get enticed by the numerous alternatives that are accessible to them on what paper type to utilize and which one to use for their composed test. Commonly, these alternatives are not spot on for you.</p><p></p><p>You may find that the exposition that you have composed before for the test isn't generally what you had intended to compose as a paper. This is on the grounds that you had no clue how to make your paper the most ideal that it tends to be. You may likewise need to make some train on the paper composing from your instructor.</p><p></p><p>One of the things that you ought to abstain from doing on the off chance that you are not experienced enough to compose an article is utilizing terms that are excessively expansive. Actually, you should utilize terms that will be simple for you to understand.</p><p></p><p>The issue with utilizing to o wide terms in the words that you pick in an individual's paper is that you will risk the audience or the analyst imagining that your exposition isn't sufficiently explicit. It isn't that you don't care to consider what you will compose. Or maybe, it is only that you must be sure that what you will compose is very precise.</p><p></p><p>So, you should have explicit terms that will assist you with expressing what is on your mind. Utilizing dubious terms may be confounding to the audience, and the individual will consider what is the purpose of the essay.</p><p></p><p>Therefore, in the event that you don't know about what to use in your article, you should look for powerful paper composing instructional exercises. Along these lines, you will be certain that you won't be confounded about what the article is actually all about.</p>

Details of Essay Outline

<h1> Details of Essay Outline </h1> <p>The exposition gives you an opportunity to uncover how successfully it is conceivable to peruse and grasp a section and create an article investigating the entry. You're apprehensive, in light of the fact that the whole exposition layout is just a figment you gave into the educator for an evaluation. Different exposition diagram layouts are offered on the web. Distinctive article diagram layouts can be seen on the web. </p> <p>Some expositions like confirmation papers assume a primary job in the life expectancy of an understudy. You'll watch a comparative structure in some of the articles. In the first place, tackle the points which you're acceptable at. </p> <p>The term of your paper isn't what colleges begin searching for. On the off chance that it comes to composing expositions in school, the greater part of us need some place to begin. To offer you a cure on how best to create a great school article, here are two or three thoughts you may wish to consider. Because you've just composed a school article for a solitary college doesn't imply that it might likewise apply on your next applications. </p> <p>To achieve this, accumulate the entirety of your examination materials at first, at that point win a rundown of the numerous critical focuses or proclamations you need to make in your paper. When you get a palatable layout, you're prepared to begin composing the paper. Try not to be reluctant to demand a type of paper you don't find in our rundown. Precisely the same arrangement might be utilized in a paper, yet in lieu of the headings of the short article, the name of the framework things should be utilized. </p> <p>A proposition paper is amazingly direct to appreciate. The postulation proclamation is generally just 1 sentence and is made out of the subject, center, and three significant purposes of the paper. The proposition is a crucial piece of any paper, which implies you should explore how to make a successful one on the off chance that you are not sure how. Your theory is the absolute first thing you should consider in your article. </p> <h2>What Everybody Dislikes About Essay Outline and Why </h2> <p>Many individuals have the tendency to form powerless contentions since they don't have the foggiest idea how to make a convincing contention. Reveal to us a theme that you've changed your head on over the most recent three years. The main thing you're probably going to need to do is to pick a theme that has more than one clear side. Decide on an unmistakable subject that others may not consider, and whatever you select, ensure that you know a great deal about it! </p> <p>As you continue through the content, try to perceive the proposition articulation and the rule contentions that the essayist is endeavoring to pass on. Thusly, the concise answer exposition doesn't feature such an amazing achievement or private ability. The acquaintance needs with be written in a fascinating technique. The third part of examination and complexity article must fuse the last end, any place your perspective along with end is unmistakably expressed. </p> <p>A snappy answer paper gives the school a supportive window into the candidate's advantages. There are numerous powerful exposition models undergrads can utilize on the web. Such a paper has its own special individual arrangement of necessities, and each requirements to have an alternate impact. As far as the diagram of an examination paper, there's nothing confused here. </p> <p>It's useful to dismantle writing to have the option to see only the way that it achieves its targets. Realizing the objective you're attempting to achieve is significant. Equalization Reviewing a framework makes it clear to see if the best possible amount of accentuation is determined to every theme. Only a few stages are included. </p> <h2> The New Fuss About Essay Outline</h2> <p>A extraordinary powerful contention will utilize the most recent information and information from confirmed sources. Verify you give away from of the things on your rundown moreover. In this way, your reaction to each task should be marginally extraordinary. Composing an explanatory examination diagram layout may resemble a scary assignment. </p>

The Number One Article on Pursuasive Essay Topics for Audio

<h1>The Number One Article on Pursuasive Essay Topics for Audio </h1> <h2>A Secret Weapon for Pursuasive Essay Topics for Audio </h2> <p>Anyway, underneath, you will discover theme that are best for the two cases. Torment should be unlawful. Issues identified with drugs are to some degree contradictive. </p> <p>You may attempt to demonstrate that brilliant understudies don't possess the energy for smoking or drinking. Recall your last grade altogether is needy upon the theme. You could be parted with the point straight by your educator, or you could be allowed to decide on the subject yourself. For example, you can pick a theme for rudimentary, center, or higher school. </p> <h2>The Appeal of Pursuasive Essay Topics for Audio </h2> <p>Educated individuals should be approached to chip in as proficiency mentors. In contrast to themes for center school or higher school, generally excellent school subjects are to some degree additionally testing to find. As a rule, understudies are mentioned to form assignments which take between 30 minutes and a whole hour. </p> <p>Parents must be to blame for giving a healthy eating routine. They should converse with kids about medications at a youthful age. They should converse with their kids about medications at a youthful age. Imminent guardians should be approached to take child rearing classes. </p> <h2> Pursuasive Essay Topics for Audio - What Is It? </h2> <p>Nobody truly wishes to make a paper. Composing a magnificent powerful paper isn't a simple activity, be that as it may, it's feasible. Enticing exposition subjects are perfect for understudies who love to impart their insight and to convince others. Great powerful paper subjects should be persuasive.</p> <p>The more data you may accumulate about the subject, the more ready you'll be for composing your article. There are a few decent powerful exposition themes to choose from. Considering that bunches of influential articles concern disputable subjects, before composing, you can need to plunk down and consider what your conclusion on the point really is. There are a few captivating subjects that could be become a powerful paper on the off chance that you accept the open door to consider doing it. </p> <p>Generally, you will be approached to pick a point of view in a contention or possibly to help a specific perspective against evaluates. You will require a solid contention in the event that you might want to discover an individual to concur with your assessment when you make an exposition. Most scholarly article subjects as a rule request that you select a side in a contention or possibly to guard a particular side against analysis. An understudy should stay in touch with the most smoking patterns and know which enticing paper themes are identified with sound persuading concerning safeguarding closely-held convictions. </p> <p>No matter this issue, the structure is indistinguishable for any convincing paper. Simply remember that the body passages ought to relate to your key contentions. Each body passage should focus on a solitary contention, called the significant point. The basic section is maybe the fundamental passage in the article as it's the underlying and conceivably last chance to produce an impact on the peruser. </p> <p>Books are a perpetual flexibly of motivation and inspiration to be a superior individual. Your crowd should know exactly what the author is going to discussion and why. </p> <p>Still, on the off chance that you'd like your paper to hit the bulls-eye and alter the way that your peruser figures, you will require a couple of strategies. Your rundown is the last push to persuade the peruser that you're correct. What's more, you can catch peruser consideration with the guide of interesting article points. It is basic for essayists to see their chief focuses in the exact request they will be created. </p> <p>Use the term counter to ensure your exposition meets the entirety of the school prerequisites. The choice of investigate article subjects is certifiably not a basic assignment since you ought to obviously show your scientific abilities. Simply, the structure of the paper relies a lot upon the point and the kind of inquiry you have to reply to. Regularly undergrads get into a lot of worry to get the ideal theme for the paper. </p> <p>Making the consummation of private money coursework a necessity for graduation would ensure that youngsters and ladies are in any event mindful of the essentials of keeping up a budgetary soundness. The proposal could identify with a wide range of philosophical or political issues. On the other side, some contend that the cost of school leaves understudies with devastating obligation they'll never be able to reimburse. Having proof isn't sufficient. </p>

Contaminated Land Research Paper - 3300 Words

Contaminated Land (Essay Sample) Content: Contaminated landByDateThe use of permeable reactive barriers for the remediation of dissolved phase inorganic pollutants in groundwater plumesPermeable reactive barrier are one of the latest technologies that is being used in remediation of polluted groundwater. It is a technology that utilizes the permeable zone in cleaning up contaminated groundwater plume through transformation of pollutants into less harmful products.in this technology, the flow of water is intercepted by reactive materials that exchange contaminants with the flow of water. The PRBS technology can be used as replaceable units, semi-permanent or permanent units. During this process various pollutants are degraded, precipitated, exchanged and sorbed in the reactive layer. The materials may be both organic and inorganic compounds (Gavaskar, 1999).There are various inorganic compounds which can be treated in using the prb. Some of these inorganic compounds include, cr, TCE, Ni, Pb, cd, as, Zn, Cu. in order for the prb process to be effective the choice of reactive materials is important. The selection of these reactive materials is controlled by several factors which include reactivity, stability, availability, cost and environmental compatibility of the materials. The concentration of inorganic compounds such as ca, mg and Na, usually determine the formation and deposition of the precipices formed on the surface of the reactive medium. Therefore the performances of reactive materials are also affected by these concentrations. Any changes in the hydraulic conductivity of the reactive barriers may affect the workability of this process. The clogging of the iron surface alters the flow of the plume in the underground wastewater flow. This may dip further down to the aquifer. In prbs, geochemical models may be used to determine the possible mineral phases that will be formed under certain conditions. The parameter for longevity of the process is the amount of dissolved oxygen .it is for this that the pretreatment zones are constructed to prevent dissolved oxygen from entering the zero valet zones. SHAPE \* MERGEFORMAT 
One of the most common reactive material used PRB is the granular zero valet iron. The zero-valet iron is used as amended Fe 2+ or plated with Cu, Ni and Pd. Iron is mainly used due to its ability to degrade several inorganic compounds such as the chromium nickel, lead sulfate, phosphate and arsenic. The rate of degradation of depends on the specific surface are of iron. The cheapest metallic media which can be used as a reactive material is the granular iron. In many field applications, studies have shown that inorganic constituents are a barrier themselves to degradation. This leads to mineral precipitates as CaCO3, FeCO 3 and MgCO3 to be formed.HCO3 CO3 +H+This is because of the increase in pH. However, the existence of the species does not affect the reactivity of the iron wall. The reactions of bimetallic systems such as iro n and copper or iron and nickel have accelerated degradation rates compared to other metals. Some of the common reactions of inorganic compounds in prbs include:According to Blowes et al (1995) the Reduction of toxic Cr (for example Cro4) to Cr and other precipitates can be summarized as followsCrO4 + Fe + 8H -Fe + Cr+4 H2O(1-x) fFe3+ + (x) Cr 3+2H2 O FeCrOOH+ 3HFe+ CrO4 + 4 H 2O (Fe, Cr) (OH) 3 + 5OH The iron bearing oxhydoxides and iron bearing aluminosilicates minerals may also conduct the reduction and precipitation of cr. However, the reaction rate will be greater when FE is used. During the removal of cr, PH increases significantly from 6.5 to around 9. The chromium concentration is reduced to less than 0.01mg/l. BOF -oxide is one of the materials that are abundantly present in the waste products. It is fine and contains oxidized materials such as, iron, calcium, magnesium and arsenic. BOF I is used in the remediation of arsenic .Arsenic is one of the inorganic compounds tha t are treated in this technology.it is found in ground water as 3+. The compound is mainly mobile and is highly toxic. The toxicity of these inorganic compounds arises from the redox reaction that take place in the compound. In the reactions the ions are hydrolyzed forming h3AsO3 an H3AsO4. The redox conditions that prevail at the surface of these reactions are different from those shown in the effluent quality. The initial concentration of arsenic is reduced while the PH maintained at the same levels.The reduction and precipitation of selenium HSeO4+ 3Fe + 7H - 3Fe + Se + 4H2O The reaction showed above shows how selenium is removed from wastes.The reductive precipitation of U Fe + UO2 - Fe +UO2 The removal of UO2, MoO4, TcO4 and CrO4 using iron occurs with the following priorities UO2, MoO4, TcO4 and cro4. In this removal process, the UO2 is adsorbed on the newly formed iron oxide with both reduction and precipitation occurs concurrently. The other electro active metals that are treatable during the reaction process are hg and cu (Joo Ching, 2000). The removal of peat and iron will also lead to reductive of precipitation of other inorganic elements such as uranium. Through mobilization of carbonate solutions, the reduced species could also be re-oxidized if there are favorable conditions. Reduction of NO3- to NH4Gianluca (2004) explains that in the permeable reactive barrier, studies have shown that NO3 is initially reduced to NO2 and then to NH4. This process undergoes a kinetic evaluation that is very high. 4Fe +NO3+ 10H+ - 4Fe + NH4 + 3H2O(p.42)Alumina is chemically produced as one of the porous dehydrated aluminum components. It has a high surface retention capacity for inorganic cation and anions such as, as, PO4and Sr. This is due to its surface adsorption capacity. Alumina absorbs almost 99 % of Sr. In conclusion, PRB technologies will continue being used for treatment of groundwater remediation. The technology offers a simple and effective way of treating waste water in a cost effective manner. This technology is also easy to use for a variety of landscapes. Field chemical analysis techniques for contaminated land investigationsThere are various chemical analysis techniques which can be used for contaminated land investigations. The choice and use of every technique depends on the type of contamination, the level of contamination and nature of the ground. One of the most common technique for testing ground water and soil is the use of colometric test kits. These kits utilize micro titrations techniques to find the level of ground water contamination or sill contamination. The titrant is added drop wise to a small amount of soli collected in the field that contains an indicator. The colometric test kits utilize colometric reactions whereby color is measured against a photometer.Colometric test kits have an advantage over other forms due to their speed of analysis and their portability. They are also low in the cost of pur chase. Several contaminants can be analyzed in using the same test kits. In colometric test kits techniques, paper strips are used. These test strips are dipped into the sample to be analyzed. The color formed on the test strip is then analyzed is then compared to chart accompanying the test kit. Some of the contaminants that can be analyzed by the colometric test kit include arsenic, copper, iron and ammonia. Some of the colometric test kits can analyze as many as 20 compounds in one test. The kits are portable. Test kits have the ability to analyze VOHS in the fields. They facilitate ground water plume chasing activities. During remediation, the concentration of iron in ground water or soils can be accurately monitored using test kits .test kits are depended on the colometric or turbid metric reactions in the soils or ground water. The color or turbidity change of the ground water is the response for the presence of any contaminate in the soil or ground water. The operation invol ves sealed glass tubes that are filled with the sample in from the field. If the target material is present in the soil or ground water, the color will change. Reagent kits are designed for both analyses of soil and water samples in the field. These kits are small and require operation of a single person. Some of the reagent kits use chemical reactions specific to certain materials in the soil to produce color in the visible spectrum. Therefore, any changes in color indicate particular presence of the material. The intensity of the color shows the concentration of the materials in the sample (Thompson Nathanial, 2003).
Another field testing technique is the use of gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry. This provides an analytical tool that is definite of various samples that are present in the sample. Filed portable chromatography equipment is used in areas that require quick identification of the sample materials and a high degree of accuracy. The gas chromatography test kits are designed to be used in the field and are portable. They are easy to use and do not require complex skills while operating the machines. However while using this technique it is advisable that one should take a lot much care while handling the instruments and the analytes. In samples that have oils as contaminants for soil or ground water some of the techniques used include the colometric analyzers. In this technique, the sample is placed dried and cleaned using a syringe that is mounted on the drying column of the testing kit. The inorganic chloride that is dried is filtered and analyzed using a two point calibration measurement. The hanby filed test kit can also be used for testing this sample. This is a test kit test for aromatic compounds found in the petroleum oils. The test kit is based on the Fridell crafts alkylation process that leads to ... Contaminated Land Research Paper - 3300 Words Contaminated Land (Essay Sample) Content: Contaminated landByDateThe use of permeable reactive barriers for the remediation of dissolved phase inorganic pollutants in groundwater plumesPermeable reactive barrier are one of the latest technologies that is being used in remediation of polluted groundwater. It is a technology that utilizes the permeable zone in cleaning up contaminated groundwater plume through transformation of pollutants into less harmful products.in this technology, the flow of water is intercepted by reactive materials that exchange contaminants with the flow of water. The PRBS technology can be used as replaceable units, semi-permanent or permanent units. During this process various pollutants are degraded, precipitated, exchanged and sorbed in the reactive layer. The materials may be both organic and inorganic compounds (Gavaskar, 1999).There are various inorganic compounds which can be treated in using the prb. Some of these inorganic compounds include, cr, TCE, Ni, Pb, cd, as, Zn, Cu. in order for the prb process to be effective the choice of reactive materials is important. The selection of these reactive materials is controlled by several factors which include reactivity, stability, availability, cost and environmental compatibility of the materials. The concentration of inorganic compounds such as ca, mg and Na, usually determine the formation and deposition of the precipices formed on the surface of the reactive medium. Therefore the performances of reactive materials are also affected by these concentrations. Any changes in the hydraulic conductivity of the reactive barriers may affect the workability of this process. The clogging of the iron surface alters the flow of the plume in the underground wastewater flow. This may dip further down to the aquifer. In prbs, geochemical models may be used to determine the possible mineral phases that will be formed under certain conditions. The parameter for longevity of the process is the amount of dissolved oxygen .it is for this that the pretreatment zones are constructed to prevent dissolved oxygen from entering the zero valet zones. SHAPE \* MERGEFORMAT 
One of the most common reactive material used PRB is the granular zero valet iron. The zero-valet iron is used as amended Fe 2+ or plated with Cu, Ni and Pd. Iron is mainly used due to its ability to degrade several inorganic compounds such as the chromium nickel, lead sulfate, phosphate and arsenic. The rate of degradation of depends on the specific surface are of iron. The cheapest metallic media which can be used as a reactive material is the granular iron. In many field applications, studies have shown that inorganic constituents are a barrier themselves to degradation. This leads to mineral precipitates as CaCO3, FeCO 3 and MgCO3 to be formed.HCO3 CO3 +H+This is because of the increase in pH. However, the existence of the species does not affect the reactivity of the iron wall. The reactions of bimetallic systems such as iro n and copper or iron and nickel have accelerated degradation rates compared to other metals. Some of the common reactions of inorganic compounds in prbs include:According to Blowes et al (1995) the Reduction of toxic Cr (for example Cro4) to Cr and other precipitates can be summarized as followsCrO4 + Fe + 8H -Fe + Cr+4 H2O(1-x) fFe3+ + (x) Cr 3+2H2 O FeCrOOH+ 3HFe+ CrO4 + 4 H 2O (Fe, Cr) (OH) 3 + 5OH The iron bearing oxhydoxides and iron bearing aluminosilicates minerals may also conduct the reduction and precipitation of cr. However, the reaction rate will be greater when FE is used. During the removal of cr, PH increases significantly from 6.5 to around 9. The chromium concentration is reduced to less than 0.01mg/l. BOF -oxide is one of the materials that are abundantly present in the waste products. It is fine and contains oxidized materials such as, iron, calcium, magnesium and arsenic. BOF I is used in the remediation of arsenic .Arsenic is one of the inorganic compounds tha t are treated in this technology.it is found in ground water as 3+. The compound is mainly mobile and is highly toxic. The toxicity of these inorganic compounds arises from the redox reaction that take place in the compound. In the reactions the ions are hydrolyzed forming h3AsO3 an H3AsO4. The redox conditions that prevail at the surface of these reactions are different from those shown in the effluent quality. The initial concentration of arsenic is reduced while the PH maintained at the same levels.The reduction and precipitation of selenium HSeO4+ 3Fe + 7H - 3Fe + Se + 4H2O The reaction showed above shows how selenium is removed from wastes.The reductive precipitation of U Fe + UO2 - Fe +UO2 The removal of UO2, MoO4, TcO4 and CrO4 using iron occurs with the following priorities UO2, MoO4, TcO4 and cro4. In this removal process, the UO2 is adsorbed on the newly formed iron oxide with both reduction and precipitation occurs concurrently. The other electro active metals that are treatable during the reaction process are hg and cu (Joo Ching, 2000). The removal of peat and iron will also lead to reductive of precipitation of other inorganic elements such as uranium. Through mobilization of carbonate solutions, the reduced species could also be re-oxidized if there are favorable conditions. Reduction of NO3- to NH4Gianluca (2004) explains that in the permeable reactive barrier, studies have shown that NO3 is initially reduced to NO2 and then to NH4. This process undergoes a kinetic evaluation that is very high. 4Fe +NO3+ 10H+ - 4Fe + NH4 + 3H2O(p.42)Alumina is chemically produced as one of the porous dehydrated aluminum components. It has a high surface retention capacity for inorganic cation and anions such as, as, PO4and Sr. This is due to its surface adsorption capacity. Alumina absorbs almost 99 % of Sr. In conclusion, PRB technologies will continue being used for treatment of groundwater remediation. The technology offers a simple and effective way of treating waste water in a cost effective manner. This technology is also easy to use for a variety of landscapes. Field chemical analysis techniques for contaminated land investigationsThere are various chemical analysis techniques which can be used for contaminated land investigations. The choice and use of every technique depends on the type of contamination, the level of contamination and nature of the ground. One of the most common technique for testing ground water and soil is the use of colometric test kits. These kits utilize micro titrations techniques to find the level of ground water contamination or sill contamination. The titrant is added drop wise to a small amount of soli collected in the field that contains an indicator. The colometric test kits utilize colometric reactions whereby color is measured against a photometer.Colometric test kits have an advantage over other forms due to their speed of analysis and their portability. They are also low in the cost of pur chase. Several contaminants can be analyzed in using the same test kits. In colometric test kits techniques, paper strips are used. These test strips are dipped into the sample to be analyzed. The color formed on the test strip is then analyzed is then compared to chart accompanying the test kit. Some of the contaminants that can be analyzed by the colometric test kit include arsenic, copper, iron and ammonia. Some of the colometric test kits can analyze as many as 20 compounds in one test. The kits are portable. Test kits have the ability to analyze VOHS in the fields. They facilitate ground water plume chasing activities. During remediation, the concentration of iron in ground water or soils can be accurately monitored using test kits .test kits are depended on the colometric or turbid metric reactions in the soils or ground water. The color or turbidity change of the ground water is the response for the presence of any contaminate in the soil or ground water. The operation invol ves sealed glass tubes that are filled with the sample in from the field. If the target material is present in the soil or ground water, the color will change. Reagent kits are designed for both analyses of soil and water samples in the field. These kits are small and require operation of a single person. Some of the reagent kits use chemical reactions specific to certain materials in the soil to produce color in the visible spectrum. Therefore, any changes in color indicate particular presence of the material. The intensity of the color shows the concentration of the materials in the sample (Thompson Nathanial, 2003).
Another field testing technique is the use of gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry. This provides an analytical tool that is definite of various samples that are present in the sample. Filed portable chromatography equipment is used in areas that require quick identification of the sample materials and a high degree of accuracy. The gas chromatography test kits are designed to be used in the field and are portable. They are easy to use and do not require complex skills while operating the machines. However while using this technique it is advisable that one should take a lot much care while handling the instruments and the analytes. In samples that have oils as contaminants for soil or ground water some of the techniques used include the colometric analyzers. In this technique, the sample is placed dried and cleaned using a syringe that is mounted on the drying column of the testing kit. The inorganic chloride that is dried is filtered and analyzed using a two point calibration measurement. The hanby filed test kit can also be used for testing this sample. This is a test kit test for aromatic compounds found in the petroleum oils. The test kit is based on the Fridell crafts alkylation process that leads to ...