Different Ideas And Thoughts On Child Development

When people see an infant, there are many different ideas and thoughts that swarm into one’s mind. A little girl might be thinking about how cute the baby is and how it would look in her dress up clothes. A teenage boy might be thinking how he never wants one of â€Å"those.† An older man might be thinking about how as the child grows up; his bank account goes down. A woman might be thinking about how beautiful this child is and how he or she is a miracle. After all those thoughts are scraped from the top layer, psychologists, scientists, researchers, and many others force us to look deeper than the baby’s appearance or our personal thoughts. When doing this, one needs to look into child development and the experiences that will shape this child into the person he or she is going to become. From the moment a child is conceived, the world they enter into is playing a role in every aspect of their lives. One-thing children are almost immediately exposed to is music. Music is being played on the car ride home from the hospital, lullabies are sung before a child goes to sleep, and every toy they play with seems to play a different tune with every touch. The songs played may cause the child to dance, laugh, smile, or become sleepy, but music has many more effects than those that can be easily observed. One of the impacts that music has on individuals in general is the improvement in IQ scores. Music has allowed people to receive a higher verbal IQ as well as better visual abilitiesShow MoreRelatedVygotsky And Vygotsky s Theory Of Cognitive Development Of Thought And Language Essay1060 Words   |  5 Pagesteaching Delvalle, Ailà ­n Florencia Thought and Language: independent processes. With the passing of time, the development of thought and language has been the object of study for psychologists such as Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky. The former drastically influenced the study of thought and speech with his theory of cognitive development and his clinical method. The latter also made his contribution with his sociocultural theory. Although language and thought may be analysed as associate one to theRead MoreVygotsky And Vygotsky Theories Of Learning1257 Words   |  6 Pagesfor his contribution to a theory of cognitive development. Piaget became interested in the reasons why children gave the wrong answers to questions that required logical thinking. He believed that these incorrect answers showed the differences, in the way adults and children think. Piaget believed children are born with a very basic mental structure on which all-later learning and knowledge is based. He introduces the term schema, which is a plan a child forms in its brain about an experience. He saidRead MorePiaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1519 Words   |  7 Pageshow the child s mind develops through different forms of stimuli that occur during early childhood. Piaget s theory focuses mainly on things such as; how children think; how the world around them is perceived and how the newly found information is explained through the language they use. Vygotsky s theory however differs as the effects of different forms of social interaction occur in cognitive development such as; internalisation; social interaction the zone of proximal development. The wayRead MoreJean Piaget : Theory Of Cognitive Development Essay1377 Words   |  6 PagesPiaget: Theory of Cognitive Development Jean Piaget, was a trained biologist who was employed at the Binet Institute, where his main job was to develop a French version of an intelligence test. Piaget was very interested in the reason why children would give wrong answers to questions which called for some type of logical thinking. It was believed by Piaget that these wrong answers showed some very drastic differences between the way children and adults both thought ( McLeod, 2015), this is whereRead MoreThe Sociocultural Theory Essay1710 Words   |  7 Pages The sociocultural theory was developed by a theorist named Lev Vygotsky. Vygotsky was born in 1896 and was from the former Soviet Union. He was a psychologist who had an abundance of ideas and put them into many theories and writings. Although Vygotsky died from tuberculosis at the young age of thirty-eight, his most prominent work was done in a short period of ten years. When he died in 1934, the Soviet Union held most of his work and it was not until about 1960 t hat his work was translated intoRead MoreThe Stages Of The Stage Essay1351 Words   |  6 Pagesbelieve and development their cognitive memory, sadly their thoughts are not really logical but are mainly based on instinct. Advanced concepts are still pretty hard for them to grasp such as time, or being able to compare things to one another. The third stage is the Concrete Operational stage the ages for this stage vary from ages seven to eleven. Piaget believed that the concrete stage is one of the major points in the child’s development, this is the beginning of operational thought (McLeod, 2015)Read MoreThe Components Of The Theory Essay1612 Words   |  7 Pages2 Three components of the theory The theory is built around three core components: schemas, equilibrium, assimilation and accommodation, and the different stages of development. Schemas A schema is a description of both the mental and physical actions required in understanding and knowing. It’s a category of knowledge used in interpreting and understanding the world – the building blocks of knowledge. Without them, you would find the world incomprehensible. The world with its things wouldn’tRead MoreJean Piaget s Influence On Children1170 Words   |  5 Pagesto study child development and through observation of his children and other children, he began to form a theory that focuses on the mental structures created to help children adapt to the world. Piaget felt that in order to help children adapt they use schemas. These schemas were used by children to understand and organize different knowledge and distinguish one thing, or group of things from another. After collecting this knowledge Piaget felt that children processed it in two different ways. TheRead MoreThe Importance of Speech, Language, and Communication1007 Words   |  5 Pagesfor children’s overall development. 1.1 Explain each of the terms: 1.1a Speech The word speech when used in relation to children and young people’s development literally means the act of speaking, verbal communication, or to express thoughts, feelings, or ideas. 1.1b Language The term language refers to an understood, systematic arrangement of signs, symbols and gestures used to communicate. 1.1c Communication To communicate is to ably convey thoughts, information or feelingsRead MoreLev Vygotsky s Influence On Development920 Words   |  4 Pageswork concentrated on development psychology with children from an early age. He came from a Jewish family and attended Moscow State University for medical school. After time, he transferred to Law school and got interested in arts to become a literary critic. Then, he became a psychology instructor at a University as his theories came into place. Lev worked on the social structure of cognitive development on children. He mostly focused on how society has an influence on development, developing his social

Annotated Bibliography On The Voting Booths Of America Are...

Annotated Bibliography Linda Feldmann Staff writer of The Christian,Science Monitor. Why the Poll Booths of America are Empty. The Christian Science Monitor: 1. Oct 03 2000. National Newspapers Core. Web. 12 Dec. 2016. This source focuses on the decline in voter turnout over the past few decades with the lead up to the 2000 Presidential election year. Comparing elections from 1960, the various experts have not been able to pinpoint a solid reason until a several people from Harvard come up with an interesting theory. There was a spike of people making time to vote in 1992, showing that the American people were not happy with the economy. This leading to the idea that people are on the whole, satisfied with Government in the way in how politics affects their lives. There is more to pull from this spin on why people do not go to the polls, and I feel that this article can add another angle to the polling drought that affects the US elections. I found it by searching â€Å"Low Voter Turnout† in the National Newspapers Core database. Keisling, Phil. Vote From Home, Save Your Country. Washington Monthly (2016): 1. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 Dec. 2016. This article presents the impression of a national vote by mail can do upon the political map of the United States and significant analyses why there implies such considerable objection to this technique for casting votes. Subjects covered are a summary of the vote by mail operation in two states, Colorado and Oregon.

Role of Literature in the Age of Technology Free Essays

Literature refers to the realm of letters and the writings of a particular period, mostly those whose value lies in the beauty of form or emotional effect. Technology is the science of the industrial arts. Scientists have played an important role in promoting human welfare, but the benefits of science may not have reached the masses, at any rate in ample measure, without technological devices and practical applications. We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Literature in the Age of Technology or any similar topic only for you Order Now We live in the world of both science and technology and many people, who take a rather superficial view of things, have begun to feel that in the technological world of tomorrow the role of literature seems poor. In fact, literature in its pure form is believed to have little relation with science and technology. Science provides knowledge and power and both science and technology affect human life at several points, though the extent and utility of the applications are determined by our culture, our wisdom and our priorities. Literature reflects the moods and emotions of the times in which it is produced; it is conditioned by the reflexes which, in turn, are created by the impact of science and technology. Modern technology increasingly dominates the world, and the domination is likely to become more pronounced in future, because of the fast developments tending to subdue creative human thinking and expression. But the belief that literature would have no place in future and in futuristic calculations is erroneous. There is no reason to believe that the mechanical way of life, in which our actions are governed more and more by computer culture and electronic calculators of all types, will destroy the talent of writers, authors, poets, biographers and artists. Technology does not discourage natural, multi faceted talent; rather, it generally promotes the climate for expressions of talent in countless channels. All round prosperity helps a great deal in creating literature of lasting value, and it is technology which has made many countries wealthy and prosperous. Jawaharlal Nehru cautioned us some four decades ago that it was only through the growth of technology that our country would become prosperous. In some cases technological development and automation may cause misery, through the resultant unemployment, for instance. But it has to be noted that both science and technology also provide additional avenues for employment; countries which boast of maximum employment, or nearly so, are those which are technologically advanced. In fact, our country may go down, instead of progressing fast, if we do not keep pace with technological developments and march in step, as far as possible, with the industrialised and technologically progressive nations. It is not only for the sake of the material benefits, the comforts and conveniences of life that we must opt for the latest technological processes, even by discarding our traditional practices, but for our art and literature, too, we shall have to make the best of technology, which would enable talented people to put in their best in art and literature. Some people think and they have a reason for doing so, that since science demolishes faith and tradition, it tends to produce scepticism, anxiety and even tensions, and it doubts everything, even cherished values. Science has eliminated superstitions. Technology helps to provide weapons of war; war stimulates technologists, but it depresses the artists and those who prepare literary pieces. Sensitivity and the urge to create new masterpieces get suppressed; reckless destruction, bloodshed and hostilities ruin the very climate that helps to create literature and artistic masterpieces. Culture and literature, after all, indicate the cultivation of man’s inner nature. Culture prompts men and women to seek perfection; they are not motivated by curiosity and the endless sense of enquiry which characterise scientists and technologists. Literature expresses feelings and innermost thoughts and ambitions, while technology has other ends and other fields to explore. Literature may at first appear to be out of place in a technological milieu, but surely scientists and technologists do not encroach upon the field of literature. There seems to be no reason why both literature and technology cannot flourish side by side. A society that is highly progressive technologically may also become rich in literature. We may take the example of the world’s most industrially advanced country and the mightiest military power, the USA, where technology has registered unprecedented achievements and yet the USA has produced rich literature. Technology results in affluence and prosperity and economic prosperity promotes good literature and masterpieces in the arts. So there is no contraction involved. It is only during war and the all out preparations for war, that literature gets a setback. Science and technology, it has been truly said, have radically altered the face of civilisation, but nothing, not even the most sophisticated mechanical devices and the most fruitful applications of new inventions, can change human nature or replace human being, who must indeed remain in effective command of all scientific inventions and their day-to-day application. Technology has created robots, artificial intelligence in the shape of â€Å"thinking computers† which can read, translate, interpret and give decisions with amazing speed and accuracy. But not even the most sophisticated technological advances can by themselves produce literature—poetry, prose, plays, novels and stories. In a sense, science and technology may be said to be of direct assistance in promoting literature, because they help to create leisure by introducing labour saving and time saving devices and by eliminating drudgery as well as duplication of effort. The leisure thus created can be put to literary pursuits. In such a context, the talk of a contradiction between technology and literature is not well founded. Scientific know how may thus be viewed as technology which, examined dispassionately, has an important bearing on arts and literature. Good literature makes a lasting impact on the human mind; it entertains, instructs and ennobles the spirit of human beings; it does not debase or corrupt the mind in any way, and it certainly does not lead to destruction of any section of mankind. Science and its handmaid, technology, however, have placed in the hands of man vicious and highly destructive tools in the shape of lethal weapons the like of which he has never had before. Literature builds, but technology, if misused by vicious statesmen and politicians may cause havoc on a massive scale, destroying both litterateurs and technologists without discrimination. Technology does make for concentration and centralisation of economic and political activity. A person’s individuality, sense of fraternity and selflessness tend to get eroded. Where there is less patronage of art and talent, there is bound to be less of literature of permanent value, because the right spirit and mood are not there to promote it. The depersonalisation of modern life which, it appears, will get stronger as the years pass, is likely to discourage writers and poets; misery, anguish and a generally noisy atmosphere are hardly conducive to the production of sound literature. But we need not give up all hope of a better world tomorrow, from the standpoint of culture and literature, simply because science and technology tend to predominate over human values. It is within the power and capacity of man, provided he exercises his sound judgment and pursues the right priorities to shape a better world, where literature flourishes along with industry and technology. How to cite Role of Literature in the Age of Technology, Essays

Should a moment of silence be legal in public scho Essay Example For Students

Should a moment of silence be legal in public scho Essay ols?In 1962 the Supreme Court decided that public schools did not have the power to authorize school prayer. This decision made public school in the U.S. more atheistic than many European nations. For example, crosses still hang on the classroom walls in Poland, and the Ten Commandments are displayed in Hungary. There are prayers held at the beginning of legislative and judicial sessions and every President has mentioned a divine power in his inaugural speech. In keeping with a spirit of religious freedom as stated in the First Amendment, there is no reason why students should not be allowed to have a moment of silence during the school day when they can pray or do as they choose.The case Engel v. Vitale in 1962 decided that school prayer is unconstitutional. With this case, it was pointed out that the students were to voluntarily recite the following prayer:Almighty God, we acknowledge our dependence upon Thee, and we beg Thy blessings upon us, our parents, our teachers, and our country. The court ruled that this rule was unconstitutional according to the First Amendments establishment clause, which states Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion. In response to the Engel v.Vitale case some schools adopted a moment of silence. In 1963, another case was brought before the court dealing with school prayer, Abington School District v. Schempp. The Schempp family challenged a law in Pennsylvania requiring the students to say ten verses of the Bible before school. These readings from the Bible were declared unconstitutional. Members of the board felt reading the Bible would give the children more moral values. The Schempp family strongly disagreed. Members of Congress attempted to find a compromise. From this effort came the adoption of the moment of silence, which is guaranteed by the First Amendments Free Exercise clause. Six states now permit silent moments-Georgia, Virginia, Maryland, Mississippi, Tennessee, and Alabama. Silent prayer was ruled constitutional in 1985 as long as it had no religious intent or purpose. (Newsweek, October 3, 1994)Prayer has been banned in schools for thirty-three years. The moment of silence has been ruled constitutional, however. Every student fills a moment of silence in a different way: through song, a prayer, or a memory.

With Positive and Negative Examples Essay Example

With Positive and Negative Examples Paper At ages 4 to 7 Lilly was bullied for having freckles, this affected her badly and she started to not want to go to school, she started to compare herself to other girls and she felt what she said was ‘ugly’. There wasn’t a lot I and her father could say that would make it better because she wanted to hear from other people to assure her that I and her father were not just saying it because we have to, as her parents. Lilly became very introverted through the bullying and when we’d take her shopping she would ask for make up at such a young age, she also tried really hard to impress people with way she dressed. This low esteem stayed with her for a long period of time, it was very worse at the beginning of the bullying and she asked me (her mother), if she could have her freckles removed, as time went by she began to be able to accept that she had freckles and even embrace them as marks of beauty. Positive Affect: At age 16 Lilly got her first proper boyfriend; this dramatically improved her self concept. Lilly’s boyfriend helped her to feel pretty and loved, he told her she was beautiful everyday and it made her feel beautiful. Lilly and her boyfriend were together for a long period of time, in the early days of their relationship she was glowing and always had a smile on her face; she was truly happy. Her self concept had never been better. We will write a custom essay sample on With Positive and Negative Examples specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on With Positive and Negative Examples specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on With Positive and Negative Examples specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Because her boyfriend complimented her everyday she believed it and also her and her boyfriend went out everyday and they met both of each others friends and they liked each together friends and she said she felt very lucky because her boyfriend was handsome and his friends and he said that she was pretty and he was lucky to have her visa versa she felt lucky to have him. Her image of herself became better because he said her boyfriend said he liked her without make up and even said he liked the freckles that she was bullied about all those years ago. Negative Affect: At age 20 Lilly got made redundant from her first job. This affected her self concept because she felt she wasn’t good enough for the job and started to feel she wasn’t clever enough; she was ‘dumb’ in her mind. Lilly started to worry about her future because she was in her ‘dream job’ and felt happy so when they fired her she felt that she wasn’t good enough for the job. Lilly went through a lot of training for the job so she felt it was waste and she wouldn’t be good enough for another job in that area of expertise. Lilly was very upset by being made redundant because she thought she was a credit to the company she worked for and that she’d got to know the site manger; so when they fired her she felt conned and that they didn’t think she was good enough. Being fired made her feel she wasn’t good enough and clouded her judgment of what people’s opinions of her were. Positive affect: At age 26 Lilly had an un-planned pregnancy, this surprisingly over- joyed her because she knew she had a better job than when she was younger with a good wage that she could depend on, she owned her own home and had recently married her long term fiance. Lilly knew she could afford to and manage to have a child within her current situation; she was able to work around caring for a child, this would complete her family unit. She glowed during her pregnancy and she said it gave her something new to concentrate on and live for. Lilly’s pregnancy went fine and she felt more beautiful than ever; she embraced the changes that were happening to her. She and her husband both made brilliant parents and managed to take having a baby, in their stride. Negative/Positive Affect: When Lilly’s daughter turned age 5, she and her husband decided to mutually separate. This had an impact on Amelia, seeing her parents separate made her think it was her fault, Lilly felt bad for this and so did her father. It had an impact on them as a family because they had to make arrangements for them to see Amelia in an equal way and something that would not only suit Amelia’s needs but also fit around their work schedules. Although the separation had an impact on their daughter and also their daily life Lilly and her separated husband felt they were better of separated because when they were together they would argue; this was affecting their young daughter. Lilly and her husband both admitted to missing each other and getting lonely; but they both knew it was for the best. After a while they both began to make suitable arrangements that suited the both of them and they managed to stay friends for the sake of their daughter, their selves and their family’s.

Where Should I put my Quotation Marks Slate Magazine and the Rise of Logical Punctuation.

Where Should I put my Quotation Marks Slate Magazine and the Rise of Logical Punctuation. On May 12, 2011, not one, but TWO of my friends and colleagues pointed me toward an article in Slate Magazine entitled, â€Å"The Rise of Logical Punctuation†. In the article, author Ben Yagoda explores the nuances of where to place periods and commas within quotations (inside or outside the quotation marks?).   Not long ago, I wrote an article touching upon much the same topic:   The Quandary of Quotation Marks (â€Å" â€Å").   My conclusion was that the British are much more logical than we are in the U.S., following the rule that punctuation goes inside the quotation marks only when it is part of the quotation.   How simple is that?   And yet I continue to follow the U.S. protocol. Slate Magazine itself, as well as The New York Times and the Washington Post, follow AP guidelines and put periods and commas inside the quotation marks.   But Yagoda references a Twitter post by Conan O’Brien, a Wikipedia entry on Frank Sinatra, and the website Pitchfork, all of which follow the British way, with periods and commas lying outside the quotation marks.   He also relates that his students largely refuse to follow the traditional U.S. rules even when they know they will be penalized for doing so.   I highly recommend taking a look at his article for an interesting exploration of why we choose to punctuate the way we do. Last week my blog explored the distinction between grammar purists and progressives in Steven Sawyer’s guest article, Top 10 Obsolete Grammar Rules.   It looks like we can add number 11.   According to Yagoda, despite the Chicago Manual of Style’s adherence to the traditional style, we may be fast on our way to an obsolete punctuation rule – another feast for progressives.   As Yagoda claims, â€Å"A punctuation paradigm is shifting.†Ã‚   Note:   even under the â€Å"new† rules, or the â€Å"new normal,† the period belongs inside those quotation marks because it was indeed part of the original sentence in Yagoda’s article.   Crystal clear, right? By the way, â€Å"new normal† was the phrase chosen as â€Å"Cliche of the Week† last week by Chris Pash in his blog. Do you choose to follow the progressive â€Å"new normal† when it comes to quotation marks?   Or will you remain a purist?   So far I’m sticking with the old fashioned way, but I feel a possible change erupting. Category:Grammar Writing TipsBy Brenda BernsteinMay 23, 2011 1 Comment Steven Sawyer says: October 20, 2011 at 5:15 pm Brenda, good stuff. And thanks for the mention of my guest article. I wanted to share that I correspond regularly with teachers and students from places like Russia, Ukraine, Greece, Argentina and Columbia. It appears to me, from their comments and writing that these countries are leaning more heavily towards learning British English, not only in punctuation and grammar, but in spelling as well. For example, the British spelling of these words differs from how we spell them: centre, litre, metre, colour, favour, honour, labour, to name just a few. Do you think we will ever adopt British English if it becomes the standard for most of the rest of the world? Log in to Reply

Group and team dynamics personal experience Essay

Group and team dynamics personal experience - Essay Example It came to my attention that for the teams within the organization to perform effectively, it was imperative that the organization had to comprehend the concept of teams, their working, the advantages and disadvantages of employees working in teams. My responsibility as a corpsman required that at times I had to work and coordinate my services by networking with various battalions. The duties and responsibilities I was tasked with required cross battalion coordination to ensure that the goals were attained. Working with various teams required appropriate leadership and team management skills for the organizational resources to be exploited adequately. As a leader of a team, I was increasingly dependent on the cross battalion teams for knowledge, expertise and skills to ensure that the goals of the organization were achieved. The teams I worked with from various battalions were differentiated through geographic boundaries and the diverse cultural backgrounds of the employees. Nonethel ess, the organization managers within the battalions necessitated integration mechanisms, which ensured that the differences among the employees were understood and coordinated well. As a result, the teams we worked with were well-structured to realize long-term goals and objectives of the Marine and Naval operations. My personal experience in group and team dynamics during my career experience is discussed and evaluated critically with an emphasis on my current employment position. Section I: Workplace Experience In my career path, I have had an exemplary experience working with and leading approximately 1300 Marines in delivering medical care and services. My responsibilities and duties were inclined towards leading a team of five junior Corpsmen and Medics to ensure that medical care was delivered to the employees within the camps as scheduled and required by the organization. The team was tasked with the responsibility of ensuring that all immunizations within the camp were up t o date. This was important as it was a prerequisite for the Marines to be deployed or combat ready. Failure to update all immunizations would hamper the activities of the camp severely because Marines would not be combat ready. Personally I was tasked with the responsibility of writing annual and biannual evaluation reports for the team I was in charge of, which consisted of five junior Corpsmen. As a leader, I had an obligation to lead and motivate my team members and other employees within the camps. In addition, my responsibilities called for collective coordination and exchange of ideas through which I had to keep in touch with the senior Marines, the platoon Sergeants. It was essential to work with the senior Marines during the coordination of all junior Marines into the Battalion aid station to update their immunization. Accomplishing such responsibilities effectively demanded for elements of leadership in me because at times the schedules of various Marines did not coincide, and this implied that the Battalion would be out of immunization. As a leader, I had the responsibility of visiting other employees in different battalion aid stations to plan and harmonize the schedules for immunization. I worked in the Navy for eight years of which I had the opportunity to lead

Urban growth policy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Urban growth policy - Research Paper Example This means that the policies being formulated have to take into account the various social, economical, cultural and academic differences in the community. Child care is a critical component of any functional urban community. The increasing urban population in San Diego means there is an increasing number of children. Majority of San Diego’s population consists of the working class, and hence a need for a reliable child care policy for community development. Many parents depend on organized out of home care for their young children. Absence of a universal child care policy by federal and state governments has led communities to seek policies of ensuring reliable and sustainable child care. The government has, however, increased spending on pre schools from 2.4 billion to 4.2 billion. Subsidies for child care services have also tripled. Typical childcare facilities use low cost housing like churches and depend entirely on parents fees to run the facilities. The main objective of the Urban Development Policy in San Diego is to clarify the roles of the government and the community in the development agenda. Since urban development entails the understanding of the basic community groups, the government depends on the community to come up with policies that best suit it. The government provides the required advice, assistance and planning for the execution of the policies (Warner, 2007). Another objective is to increase collaboration and co-operation between departments in the community and those in the government. This creates synchronism between the government and the community and hence a favorable development atmosphere. Goals are easily attainable when there is mutual co-operation. To increase the community and government capacity in understanding and advancing in the development policy is another objective. The level of involvement by both community and government will directly affect the achievement of development

Exploring the opportunities and challenges of developing Islamic Literature review

Exploring the opportunities and challenges of developing Islamic Financial Services in Seychelles - Literature review Example In the religion of Islam, it is strongly believed that Allah alone is Sovereign and it is He who has the right to ordain a guidance path for the whole humanity. In the Holy Quran, the word â€Å"Shariah† is mentioned once: â€Å" Then, We have set you[Muhammad] on a path (Shari’a) of [Our] commandment, so follow it, and do not follow the whims of those who do not know† (Holy Quran 45:18). This verse of Holy Quran clearly stipulates that Allah has ordered to the Last Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) that He himself has provided some of the basic Sharia rules and regulations in the shape of the Holy Quran and You [Muhammad (PBUH)] has been ordered to follow them. In the last part of this verse, it is also ordered that whims or wishes of others are totally disallowed to be followed instead of the orders of Allah. In the Shariah, it is clearly mentioned and established fact that Allah is the Law Giver and the whole Ummah is merely His Trustee (Kettell, 2011, p.13). More clear ly, every Muslim is under a moral obligation to read, understand and act upon the Islamic rules and regulations mainly enshrined in the Holy Quran. ... s scholar, can develop an independent judgement; not even all the Muslims of the world collectively have any authority to introduce even the slightest change to it. The scope of Shariah is not limited to a single aspect of Muslim life. The Shariah is the guide for human actions which includes every dimension of human life. As a result, it attaches, sanctifies and gives religious importance and religious aspect to activities that may look mundane. Also, it encompasses constitutional and regulatory rules and regulations. Muslims individually and collectively are ordered to conduct their daily economic, social, personal, political, religious and other activities in accordance with the Shariah rules and regulations provided in the Holy Quran, the Sunnah and other sources of Shariah. The sources of shariah Kelly (2008) mentions the following sources of Shariah in the religion of Islam (p.109): The Quran; The Sunnah; The Ijtihad; The Ijma; The Qiyas. The Quran Naqvi (2012, p.23) states tha t Muslims believe that the Holy Quran is the final word from Allah. The Holy Quran is the main source of Shariah. In this main source, Allah has provided numerous orders, rules and regulations relating to different aspect of human life. In order to religiously conduct daily human activities, the Holy Quran provides guidance relating to the essential human activities. Broadly speaking, the Holy Quran provides guidance on two aspects of human life: relationship between humans and the relationship between humans and Allah. Between these two aspects, the majority of the guidance has focused on the relationship between humans. As humans are required to interact for various reasons including political, social, economic, and personal and so on, Allah has included maximum guidance on these issues

Socio-economic Status and Health Inequalities Relationship

Socio-economic Status and Health Inequalities Relationship In this essay I will discuss the relationship between underlying social structures and health outcomes. the debates about the casual pathways between socio-economic status and health inequalities. Inequality in health is the worst inequality of all. There is no more serious inequality than knowing that youll die sooner because you are badly off (Frank Dobson / DoH, 1997a). The term health inequalities refer to the difference in health opportunities and outcomes between individuals or group of people within society. From a literature review and many studies there is information which suggests that there are inequalities in health, and that the inequality between rich and poor, termed the health gap, is continuing to grow (Smith et al., cited in Davidson, Hunt Kitzinger 2003) The National Health Service was first implemented after World War II with ideological motto from birth to grave. The National Health Service (NHS) was established as a result of the 1944 White Paper, The National Health Service was based on recommendations in the 1942 Beveridge Report which called for a state welfare system. According to William Beveridge,a national welfare state is the only way for Britain to beat five giants Want, Ignorance, Disease, squalor and Idleness. The National Health Service was set up in 1948 to provide health care for all citizens, based on need, rather then ability to pay ; providing a compressive service funded only by taxation. Initially, and mistakenly, it was predicted that demand and the cost of service would decline as illnesses were cured. In fact, the opposite happened: An ageing population a expensive new technology and drugs created new financial pressure. Despite NHS improvement and the expansion of bio medicine, facts and statistic showed that that health of nation had improved generally but the improvement had not been equal across all social classes . The most widely accepted recent study of health inequalities and social class was the Black Report of 1980, which gathered information relating to the Standardised Mortality Rates (SMR) for different social classes in Britain, based on the Registrar Generals categorization according to occupation. In 1971 the death rate for adult men in social class V was nearly twice that of adult men in social class I. The purpose of The Black Report (1980) was to investigate the problem of health inequalities in the UK. The report analysed the lifestyles and health records of people from all social classes. It suggested that the causes of health inequalities were so deep rooted that only major public expenditure would be capable of altering the pattern (Jenkin 1980). This report showed that the gap in equalities of health between lower and higher social classes was widening. The problem had to be investigated outside NHS. The key causes of inequalities in health were linked with social economic factors such as low income, unemployment, poor environment, poor education and sub standard housing. The report looked at four explanations patterns in inequality. The artifact explanation which suggests health inequalities dont really exist, but only appear to because of the way class is constructed. the black report found evidence to support the view that the higher a persons social class, the more likely it would be to find them in good health. The report used infant mortality rates, life expectancy, mental illness and causes of death of people in different social classes. But critics such as Illsley (1986) argue that the statistical connection between social class and illness exaggerates the situation. Social selection explanations suggest that it is health that determines social class rather than class determining health, as those who are healthy will experience upwards social mobility (p36) which raises the death rates and levels of illnesses and disability within the lower classes as the unhealthy are pushed down the social scale (Naidoo and Wills, 1994). On the basis of data from a National of Health and Development, Wadswroth (1986) found that seriously ill boys were more likely to suffer a fall in social class than others Social selection did not explain the disadvantages that occur at all stages of individuals life cycle, also it did not account for the social class differences in health found in childhood, when there is not much social mobility but differences in mortality. (Marsh and Keating, 2006) Shaw et al (1999) argues that those from poorer backgrounds are faced with different economic, social and employment factor which can cause ill health. This shows that class pos ition shapes health, not vice versa. (Giddens, 2006) The behavioural / cultural approach, suggests that poorer health in classes IV and V is a consequence of less healthy behaviour associated with the lower classes, for example smoking and excessive drinking. The cultural / behavioural explanations stresses that differences in health are best understood as being the result of cultural choices made by individuals or groups in the population. In other words , inequalities are rooted in the behaviour and lifestyles of the individual, and those suffering from poor health have different attitudes, values and beliefs which mean that they do not look after themselves The behavioural / cultural approach, suggests that poorer health in classes IV and V is a consequence of less healthy behaviour associated with the lower classes, for example smoking and excessive drinking. The structural/material approach is that the material situation of the lower class is the most important factor in determining their poorer health.. It claims that poor health is the result of hazards to which some people have no choice but to be exposed given the present distribution of income and opportunity (Shaw et al, 1999). Poverty is the key factor that links a range of health risks. It is a known fact that poorer people have worse diets and worse housing condition and are more likely to be unemployed and generally have a more stressed life which may lead to increase smoking and drinking habits, potentially dangerous for long term health. This approach put emphasis in the circumstances which people make their choices are strongly affected by the extent of inequality existing in our society. Poverty limit choices, satisfying immediate gratification; it is about being denied the expectation of decent health, education, shelter, a social life and a sense of self esteem Marsh (200 0). Poverty and health are definitely linked and not only are the poor more likely to suffer from ill health and premature death, but poor health and disability are themselves recognised as causes of poverty (Blackburn1991, p7. Marmot Wilkinson try to explain that social hierarchy and income/wealth inequalities causes stress and ill health, operating trough mind/emotional pathways affecting peoples well being (lecture notes ). Health improvements have been made synonymous with income equality, as Wilkinson argues is to improve social cohesion and reduce the social divisions Richard Wilkinson (1997) argues that mortality, which is influenced by health, is affected more by the relative living standards of that country. He argues that mortality is related more closely to relative income within countries than in differences in absolute income between them. Statistics show that mortality rates have a trend of being lower in countries, which have less income inequality. He thinks that long-term economic growth rates seem to have no relation to any long-term rise in life expectancy Acheson Report (1998) was another important study into health inequality which was commissioned by the New Labour government in 1997. The main purpose of Acheson report was to update the findings of the Black Report and particularly to advice on priorities for policy development (Ham, 2004). It was a comprehensive survey of the disadvantaged. The findings mirrored those of the Black Report that the root cause of inequalities was poverty. Over the last 20 years death rates have fallen among both men and women and across all social groups. However, the difference in rates between those at the top and bottom of the social class has widened. The conclusion of the report was that the gap between richest and poorest had to be reduced. Davies (2001) explains that: The Labour government came into power in 1997 with a commitment to tackle health inequalities, and offered a third way with regard to policies on health (p183). The major health strategy published after the Acheson Report was the White Paper Saving Lives: Our healthier Nation (DoH 1999a) in July 1999. It endorsed the Acheson Report by emphasising the need to reduce inequalities in health. At the same time as the White Paper, Reducing Health Inequalities: an action report was published. It referred to policies for a fairer society, building healthy communities, education, employment, housing, transport, crime and healthcare (DoH 1999b). Later that year Opportunityfor all- Tackling poverty and social exclusion was published with the aim to eradicate child poverty in twenty years time. In November 1999, the Sure Start programme began to promote the physical, intellectual, social and emotional development of young children and their families (Sure Start 1999). By May 2003, around 500 Sure Start programmes were in action, reaching about one third of all children aged under four who were living in poverty. Not only do these programmes promote health and family support services but early education also. Another government initiative aimed at improving the education of disadvantaged children is the Education Action Zones. And to encourage children from low-income families to remain on at school an Education Maintenance Allowance was introduced (Graham 2001: 108). The governments main target for poverty was to reduce the number of children in low income households by at least a quarter by 2004, as a contribution towards the broader target of halving child poverty by 2010 and eradicating it by 2020; but by 2001/2002, midway through the period set by the target, the government were only two fifths of the way to meeting this (Palmer et al 2003). Tax and benefit reforms were also introduced by the government, targeted at low income families with children. As paid employment is seen as the best way to avoid poverty, the government developed and reformed many policies to overcome barriers to employment. The governments biggest investment was  £5.2 billion in New Deal initiatives, aimed at promoting employment for different groups but especially young people who have been unemployed for six months and people over twenty five who have been unemployed for two years or more (Graham 2001). The aim of the initiative was to increase long-term employability by offering short-term employment opportunities. In April of 1999, the government introduced the first ever National minimal wage to the UK, this policy was aimed at reducing in-work poverty and decreasing the number of individuals dependent on social security. Conclusion Numerous government reports such as The Black Report, (1980) The Health Divide (1987) and The Acheson Report (1998) as well as official statistics have all related class and ill health. They have revealed massive class inequalities in health, by stating that nearly every kind of illness and disease is linked to class. Both the Black Report and Acheson Report identified policies to improve the circumstances of children as an essential condition for the reduction of health inequalities. Individuals in the lower socio-economic class may find themselves tight in a lifestyle cycle where problems that contribute to health inequalities remain unchanged. Loy payment, poor social housing, lack of qualification. are the important key that need tackling by government .it is not appropriate to educate people on healthier lifestyle choices ,ehen most of the time these choices are not avalible to them. Key problems that need tackling by the government are the continuous problems of low pay, lack of qualifications and the issues faced by those people living in poor social housing. It is not just enough to educate people on healthier lifestyle choices, when often these choices are not available to them. Taylor and Field conclude: There is now a general acceptance in research and policy circles that health inequalities are socially caused, and the major detriment is socio-economic inequality within society (2003:61).

The Chrysanthemums :: essays research papers

In Steinbeck's "The Chrysanthemums" Elisa, poster woman for the feminist movement is a victim of her environment by disconnected. Working attempts to change and coming to realization that she will remain oppressed. Elisa opens her door of acceptance to Tinkerman. She yearns for someone to understand her quest for adventure. Buried in the third world of individualism, behind her fenced flowers, she longs for escape. Despite her efforts, she looks forward to the recognition of her circumstance and imprisonment. Elisa Allen is a lonely woman who enjoys growing and nourishing her chrysanthemums. Since her husband is always working by the fence, he never gives Elisa due attention and affection. Knowing that she can never intervene her husband ¡Ã‚ ¦s work  ¡Ã‚ §Elisa watched them for a moment and then went back to her work. ¡Ã‚ ¨ Her husband says:  ¡Ã‚ §I wish you ¡Ã‚ ¦d work out in the orchard and raise some apples that big. ¡Ã‚ ¨ Letting alone his lack of interest for her chrysanthemums, he does not even care about her. Elisa is vex and anger by her husband ¡Ã‚ ¦s lack of care, and she decides to take care of her chrysanthemums-symbol of how beautiful she really is. Despite her effort, she realizes that she is gradually detached from the world outside the garden. Her gardening area is a  ¡Ã‚ §cage ¡Ã‚ ¨ that protects her from potential harms. Everything changes, however, when the tinkerman arrive. Seeing that the tinker shows interest in the Chrysanthemums, Elisa, altho ugh hesitant at first,  ¡Ã‚ §melted ¡Ã‚ ¨ the irritation from her face and begins to reach out towards the outside world. Knowing that the flowers and Elisa have interchangeable meanings, the tinkerman shows interest in her chrysanthemums, which reflects to Elisa directly, in order to persuade her to find something for him to fix. He says  ¡Ã‚ §oh beautiful, ¡Ã‚ ¨ with this, she now feels appreciate and attractive to this stranger. His compliment to her about her flowers leads her to feel obligate to allow him to enter her world. The tinkerman asks Elisa to help another lady, Elisa feels strong and  ¡Ã‚ §tight with eagerness. ¡Ã‚ ¨ After giving the instructions, Elisa feels proud and good. After hearing the tinkerman ¡Ã‚ ¦s description of his profession, Elisa wishes to explore more with him,  ¡Ã‚ §it must be very nice. I wish women could do such things." The disappointment for Elisa follows her wishes, the tinkerman says  ¡Ã‚ §it ain ¡Ã‚ ¦t the right kind of a life for a woman. ¡Ã‚ ¨ The time has come, Elisa must let the tinkerman go on to his own adventure, but in their exchange , Elisa gain confidence and realize how beautiful she can be.